miR-135a-5p has been reported as a tumor suppressor in several extracranial tumors. However， its exact roles in gliomagenesis and relevance to the patients' prognoses are largely unknown. Here， we detected the miR-135a-5p and TRAF5 levels in 120 human glioma specimens and 20 nontumoral brain tissues， and found the miR-135a-5p level decreased， whereas the TRAF5 level increased with the elevation of glioma grade. Their labeling indexes were inversely correlated with each other， and showed strong negative (miR-135a-5p) and positive (TRAF5) correlation with the Ki-67 index. Cox regression demonstrated that both of their expression levels were independent survival predictors whereas Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that sub-grouping the glioma patients according to their levels could perfectly reflect the patients' prognoses regardless of the similarities in pathologic， molecular， and clinical features. In the following in vitro and in vivo studies， it was demonstrated that miR-135a-5p induced G1 arrest and inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells by targeting TRAF5 and subsequently blocking AKT phosphorylation as well as c-Myc and cyclin D1 expression. These effects could be reversed by TRAF5 overexpression and simulated by specific TRAF5 silencing. This study highlights the importance of miR-135a-5p and TRAF5 in gliomagenesis and progression， and implies their potential prognostic and therapeutic values in malignant glioma.