Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystemic fibrotic disease characterized by excessive collagen deposition and extracellular matrix synthesis. Though transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of SSc， the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling acts in SSc remains largely unclear. Here， we showed that TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2) was significantly upregulated in both human SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts. In fibroblasts， siRNA-induced knockdown of TGFBR2 resulted in a reduction of p-SMAD2/3 levels and reduced production of type I collagen. Additionally， functional experiments revealed that downregulation of TGFBR2 yielded an anti-growth effect on fibroblasts through inhibiting cell cycle progression. Further studies showed that miR-3606-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR of TGFBR2 and significantly decrease the levels of both TGFBR2 mRNA and protein. Furthermore， SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts contain significantly reduced amounts of miR-3606-3p， and the overexpression of miR-3606-3p in fibroblasts replicates the phenotype of TGFBR2 downregulation. Collectively， our findings demonstrated that increased TGFBR2 could be responsible for the hyperactive TGF-β signaling observed in SSc. Moreover， we identified a pivotal role for miR-3606-3p in SSc， which acts， at least partly， through the attenuation of TGF-β signaling via TGFBR2 repression， suggesting that the regulation of miR-3606-3p/TGFBR2 could be a promising therapeutic target that could improve the treatment strategy for fibrosis.